Conversion Disorder, now known as Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder in the DSM-5, is a condition characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or substance use, and are not attributable to another mental disorder. Here's an overview based on the DSM-5 criteria:
Symptoms: The primary symptoms of Conversion Disorder include motor or sensory impairments that suggest a neurological or medical condition. Common symptoms include weakness or paralysis, abnormal movements, swallowing difficulties, speech issues, seizures or attacks, numbness or loss of the sense of touch, and episodes resembling epilepsy.
Etiology: The exact cause of Conversion Disorder is unknown. It is believed to be a complex interplay of physical, psychological, and environmental factors. Psychological factors might include a response to stressful events, trauma, or emotional conflicts, though not always identifiable.
Causes: The disorder often begins suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Patients may present symptoms without being consciously aware of their underlying psychological trigger.
Prevalence: The prevalence of Conversion Disorder varies but is generally considered rare. It is more commonly diagnosed in women than in men and often begins in late childhood to early adulthood.
Treatment: Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including psychotherapy, physical therapy, and treatment of any co-existing medical or psychiatric conditions. Educating the patient and caregivers about the disorder can also be helpful.
Differential Diagnosis: It is crucial to differentiate Conversion Disorder from neurological diseases, other mental disorders, and malingering. Neurological exams and tests are often used to rule out other conditions. Symptoms must not be intentionally produced or feigned, which distinguishes it from factitious disorders or malingering.
In Conversion Disorder, the symptoms are real and cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The patient's suffering is genuine, and their inability to control the symptoms is a key aspect of the disorder. It's important for healthcare providers to approach patients with empathy and without judgment.
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